US History

Postwar United States (1945 to early 1970s)

Social Movements

Labor History

Asian Americans

Latino Americans

This collection uses primary sources to explore the United Farm Workers and their Delano Grape Strike protest.

A photograph of Filipino farm workers picking lettuce, Nagano Farm, Morro Bay, California, ca. 1930. 

In 1931, Filipino farm workers in the area went on strike and won a pay raise from fifteen to twenty-five cents per hour. During the strike, workers were brought from Mexico as replacement laborers.

An excerpt from a report on the geographical distribution and employments of Filipinos in America during the period 1940 to 1945.

This document was written by Trinidad Rojo, who was elected president of Cannery Workers And Farm Laborers Union Local Seven in October 1942. This brief cites statistics relating to the distribution of Filipinos in America. It also addresses many of the arguments made by salmon industry officials regarding demands from the union. Organizing efforts like the Cannery Workers And Farm Laborers Union were important predecessors to the United Farm Workers.

An excerpt from the 1965 FBI investigation of Cesar Chavez and the National Farm Workers Association, based on communist allegations.

A NAACP flyer calling for support for the grape boycott, 1965.

A photograph of Delano Grape Strike picketers in Delano, California, February 1966. 

The text of a speech given by Robert F. Kennedy about Cesar Chavez during a visit to Delano, California, March 10, 1968. 

In Delano, the United States senator from New York Robert F. Kennedy joined an estimated 6,000 to 10,000 people, mostly Mexican American migrant workers, gathered to hold a “Mass of Thanksgiving” at Memorial Park for Cesar Chavez, president of the United Farm Workers.

An open letter to Los Angeles supporters asking them for their continued support of the Grape Strike, 1968.

A 1969 flyer from the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee advising consumer about the dangers of eating grapes sprayed with pesticides.

A photograph of Dolores Huerta of the United Farm Workers speaking at a Moratorium March in downtown Seattle, November 1969. 

 Dolores Huerta was one of the co-founders of the National Farm Workers Association and the director of the UFW’s national boycott during the Delano Grape Strike.

A photograph of Cesar Chavez speaking at a United Farm Workers gathering at La Escuelita in Granger, Washington, ca. 1969.

An announcement for a rally protesting the arrest of Cesar Chavez, 1970.

A United Farm Workers poster describing Cesar Chavez's vision of political and economic emancipation for farm workers, circa 1970.

A photograph of Cesar Chavez speaking at the Chiquita Bananas boycott, ca. 1970.

A poster calling for a “boycott for democracy” of grapes, 1975.

A United Farm Workers coloring book. 

Questions

1. What do the [photograph of Filipino farm workers](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1313) and the [report on the geographical distribution and employments of Filipinos](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1314) tell us about the conditions that led to Filipino labor activism?
2. Examine the excerpt from the [FBI investigation](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1315). What security concerns about the National Farmer Works Association does it reveal? How do you understand the motivation for these concerns in the context of 1960s America?
3. Considering the [NAACP flyer](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1316) and the [photograph of Delano Grape Strike picketers](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1317), describe how the work of the United Farm Workers compares and contrasts with the efforts of other activists during the civil rights era.
4. What is the central message of [Robert F. Kennedy’s speech](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1318) in Delano? What impact might it have had on the boycott?
5. Cesar Chavez is the leader most prominently featured in the story of the United Farm Workers. Using the sources in this set, consider the pros and cons of a campaign that places Chavez as a central figure.
6. The [open letter](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1319), the [1969 flyer from the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1320), the poster calling for a “[boycott for democracy](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1326)”, and the [coloring book](http://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike/sources/1327) are propaganda for the United Farm Workers. Who are their intended audiences? What strategies do they use to convince? 


Activity

1. Group project: Divide students into groups and ask them to design a campaign strategy and poster for the Delano Grape Strike using the examples in this set as inspiration. Who would they be interested in recruiting to help? What strategies and language would they use to convince their audience? Where would they display their posters? Each group should make a brief poster presentation answering these questions to the whole class.
2. Independent research activity: Cesar Chavez is the most-often discussed leader of the United Farm Workers. Ask students to select one of the following UFW leaders and write a brief research report that details his/her involvement and important contributions: Dolores Huerta, Philip Vera Cruz, Larry Itliong, Richard Chavez, Benjamin Gines, or Pete Velasco.

Teaching Guide: Exploring the United Farm Workers and the Delano Grape Strike

Resources

1. Lisa Morehouse, “[The Forgotten Filipino-Americans Who Led the ’65 Delano Grape Strike](http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/04/50-years-later-the-forgotten-origins-of-the-historic-delano-grape-strike),” KQED News. 
2. Cesar Chavez, [The Farmworker Movement, 1962-1993](https://libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/), Farmworker Documentation Project, University of California San Diego Library. 
3. [United Farm Workers: California 1960s](http://facingfreedom.org/workers-rights/united-farm-workers), Facing Freedom, Chicago History Museum. 
4. David Bacon, “[Legacy of the Delano Grape Strike, 50 years Later](http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/50-years-after-the-Delano-grape-strike-6508846.php),” *San Francisco Chronicle*. 


Overview

On September 8, 1965, Filipino farm workers organized as the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) decided to strike against grape growers in Delano, California, to protest years of poor pay and working conditions. The Delano Grape Strike grew from a long history of labor organizing and protest by Filipino workers in agriculture and canning on the West Coast. AWOC leaders asked the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), a mostly Latino farm workers union led by Cesar Chavez, to join their strike. The Delano Grape Strike was the first major collaboration between Filipino and Mexican workers, who had traditionally been recruited to work during the other group’s protest actions. In August 1966, the two organizations merged to form the United Farm Workers (UFW), a union committed to nonviolent protest that sought to organize migrant farm laborers to improve their wages, education, housing, and legal protections. 

The protest that began in the fields in Delano grew into a broader boycott that asked for help from consumers in urban areas. By 1970, the UFW grape boycott was a success. Table grape growers signed their first union contracts, granting workers better pay, benefits, and protections. In the decades that followed, Chavez and the UFW continued to use nonviolent strikes, boycotts, marches, and fasts to help farm workers stand up for their rights and gather support from ordinary Americans to aid them in their efforts. This primary source set uses documents, photographs, and promotional materials to explore the events of the Delano Grape Strike and the formation of the United Farm Workers.

English

The United Farm Workers and the Delano Grape Strike

united-farm-workers-delano-grape-strike_09_471b595af5dd9ee891e6d7787bbfccf5.jpg

Karpen, Joseph, “Dolores Huerta of the United Farm Workers speaking at a Moratorium March in downtown Seattle, November 1969,” Digital Public Library of America, https://dp.la/item/471b595af5dd9ee891e6d7787bbfccf5

A photograph of Dolores Huerta of the United Farm Workers speaking at a Moratorium March in downtown Seattle, November 1969.

Cite this item

Tips for Students

Item 9 of 15 in the Primary Source Set The United Farm Workers and the Delano Grape Strike