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Primary Source Sets
The Rise of Italian Fascism and Its Influence on Europe
A photograph of Italian and German youth marching together.

A photograph of Italian and German youth marching together.

This photograph was used as propaganda to promote the opportunities provided by fascist youth programs. From the age of ten, boys in Germany would join “Deutsches Jungvolk” (German Young People). When they were thirteen, boys shifted to the “Hitler Jugend” (Hitler Youth). The Hitler Youth participated primarily in “Wehrsport,” which included marching, bayonet drill, grenade throwing, trench digging, and map reading. Girls, on the other hand, joined the “Jungmadelbund” (League of Young Girls) at age ten and were moved to the “Bund Deutscher Madel” (League of German Girls) when they became teenagers. They competed in running, throwing, marching, and swimming as well as other more domestic chores such as sewing and making beds.

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Citation Information
Hoffmann, Heinrich, “At a great gathering of fascist youth, as the Duce reviewed the march-past of his young followers he found among them a contingent of Hitler Youth.,” Digital Public Library of America, https://dp.la/item/520162df1f44b5d766f709770ff11589.
Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.
Courtesy of The New York Public Library.

Tips for Students

For this source, consider:

  • the author's point of view
  • the author's purpose
  • historical context
  • audience

Item 5 of 12 in the Primary Source Set The Rise of Italian Fascism and Its Influence on Europe

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A drawing of a fasces by Giuseppe Barberi (1746–1809) of Italy.
An excerpt from Giuseppe Prezzolini’s book Fascism.
The book jacket of The Official Life of Benito Mussolini (1939) by Giorgio Pini.
A photograph of Hitler Youth (“boy Nazis”) marching in 1932.
A photograph of Italian and German youth marching together.
A 1942 political cartoon by Theodor Seuss Geisel entitled “Jitters a la Duce.”
An excerpt from a book discussing Francisco Franco, the fascist leader of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975.
A 1940 map describing Italy’s plan to rebuild the Roman empire, taken from the newspaper The San Francisco Examiner.
A Spanish poster showing opposition to fascism under Franco’s regime.
A 1939 political cartoon suggesting that the United States Congress feels pressured to respond to fascist aggression.
A swastika flag, adopted by the Nazi party in Germany in 1920.
A news bulletin from the American Nationalist Confederation explaining the meaning of the swastika to its membership.

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