American Empire

Business and Professional Women's club memers, trip to Hawaii

America's empire unraveled after World War II. The war was a devastating conflict leaving countries in ruins and millions dead. At the same time, the aftermath of World War II reignited campaigns for independence across colonies. This section follows how Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico renegotiated their relationships with the US. From the Pacific to the Caribbean, the legacies of America's empire continued to shape foreign and domestic policy and popular culture.
For Hawaii, the American flag stayed in place. In August 1959, President Eisenhower officially declared Hawaii the fiftieth state. This followed months of debate both on the islands and in the mainland. To determine its fate, the Hawaiian government polled residents in 1950 and 1959, and they overwhelmingly approved both a state constitution and the larger statehood bill. Territorial representative John Burns embarked on an ambitious campaign through Washington DC to rally support for Hawaiian statehood. Meanwhile in Congress, the statehood bill became involved with other national issues. Southern Democrats, as an example, opposed Hawaii because they thought the admission would tip the civil rights debate against them. Nevertheless, Hawaii was added to the union and earned a star on the flag. In 1993, President Bill Clinton issued an official apology for the US's involvement in overthrowing the Hawaiian monarchy.

The End of the Empire

The Age of Imperialism

Building the Empire

American Subjects or Citizens?

Colonization

America's Empire at Home

A Philippine Belle, Manila, Philippine Islands

UC Riverside, California Museum of Photography

philippine belle manila philippine islands

California Digital Library

Kaplan, Amy. The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. 
Kaplan, Amy, and Donald E Pease. Cultures of United States Imperialism. Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.
Miller, Bonnie M. From Liberation to Conquest: The Visual and Popular Cultures of the Spanish American War of 1898. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011.
Ninkovich, Frank. The United States and Imperialism. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
Seymour, Richard. American Insurgents: A Brief History of American Anti-imperialism. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012.
Silva, Noenoe K. Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
Stoler, Ann Laura. Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006.  
Wagenheim, Olga Jiménez de. Puerto Rico: An Interpretive History from pre-Colombian times to 1900. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1998.

American Empire

Resources

Resources